電影發展史英文版
① 美國電影史英文版
英譯：For a long time, the United States only to the film as a means of entertainment to Hollywood as a story and fantasy proction factories, so first of all note that the movie business value. However, after 70 years, the American film has been great development in academic research. In 1967, both in Washington and Los Angeles have established the American Film Institute (AFI). Film Archive, throughout the United States, including important ones are the New York Museum of Modern Art, Rochester's Eastman Film Archive, the Library of Congress, Washington, Berkeley Pacific Film Archive. 8 large film company has disintegrated or converting 60 years after the
A large number of film and archives donated to the museum and the University Film Studies Center, the study of national film traditions, protect their heritage plays a significant role in the film.
By 1900, Hollywood has a post office, a newspaper, a hotel and two markets, its residents number 500. 100,000 population in Los Angeles in the city, 11 kilometers east. In Hollywood and Los Angeles have only a single-track tram. 1902 Hollywood hotel, now known as the first part of the opening. In 1903, here upgraded to the city's 177 voting residents of the right to vote unanimously endorsed by the "Hollywood," named after whom. That year under the two commands are: In addition to pharmacies in other stores outside the prohibition, and no amount of driving in the streets more than 200 cattle. 1904
A new so-called Hollywood Avenue streetcar opened, so that between the Hollywood and Los Angeles round-trip time significantly shortened. In 1910, Hollywood residents voted to join the Los Angeles. The reason is so that they can be in Los Angeles drinking water and access to adequate drainage facilities.
In 1907, director Francis Burgess led his crew arrived in Los Angeles, filming "Count of Monte Cristo." They found that, where beautiful natural scenery, plenty of light and suitable climate is the natural place for filming. The early 1910s, director David Griffith Biograph company was sent to the West Coast to make a film, he took Lillian Gish, Mary-bi g-fu and other actors came to Los Angeles. They were then looking for a new site, so proceed north, came a warm small town, and that is Hollywood. Biograph company found here in good condition
So back to New York before they filmed several movies. Graally many people in the instry know that invaluable piece of land, to the increasing number of Hollywood movie crew, the U.S. film instry moved to Hollywood's big movement started, Hollywood movies have to be forward.
October 1911, a group from New Jersey to film-makers on the ground that under the leadership of the photographer came to a small Inn called Bu Lang, they will rent the inn converted into a studio look. In this way, they created Hollywood's first film studio - Ernest Pictures.
Since then, many film companies settled in Hollywood, the famous film companies: MGM (Metro Goldwyn Mayer, called MGM), Paramount Pictures (Paramount Pictures, Inc.), Twentieth Century Fox (20th Century Fox), Warner Bros. (Warner Brothers), RKO (Radio Keith Orpheum, referred to as RKO), Universal (Universal), United Artists Corporation (United Artists), Columbia Pictures (Columbia Pictures).
【中文】
關於美國電影
長期以來，美國只把電影看作是娛樂手段，把好萊塢當成生產故事和幻想的工廠，因此首先注意影片的商業價值。但是，70年代前後，美國電影學術研究有了很大的發展。1967年，在華盛頓和洛杉磯兩地成立了美國電影研究院（AFI）。電影資料館遍布全美，其中重要的有紐約現代藝術博物館、羅切斯特的伊斯曼電影數據館、華盛頓國會圖書館、伯克利太平洋電影資料館等。8大影片公司於60年代先後解體或轉產之後，影片和檔案大量捐贈給上述資料館和各大學的電影研究中心，對研究本國電影傳統、保護本國電影文物起著很大作用。
二十世紀的好萊塢：到1900年，好萊塢已經有一間郵局、一張報紙、一座旅館和兩個市場，其居民數為500人。10萬人口的洛杉磯位於市東11公里處。在好萊塢和洛杉磯間只有一條單軌的有軌電車。1902年，今天著名的好萊塢酒店的第一部分開業。1903年，此地升格為市，參加投票的177位有選舉權的居民一致贊同以「好萊塢」為之命名。當年下的兩條命令是：除葯店外其他商店禁酒，及不準在街上驅趕數量多於200的牛群。1904年，一條新的被稱為好萊塢大街的有軌電車開業，使好萊塢與洛杉磯間的往返時間大大縮短。1910年，好萊塢的居民投票決定加入洛杉磯。原因是這樣他們可以通過洛杉磯取得足夠的飲水和獲得排水設施。
1907年，導演弗朗西斯·伯格斯帶領他的攝制組來到洛杉磯，拍攝《基督山伯爵》。他們發現，這里明媚的自然風光、充足的光線和適宜的氣候是拍攝電影的天然場所。1910年代初，導演大衛·格里菲斯被Biograph公司派到西海岸來拍電影，他帶著麗蓮·吉許、瑪麗·璧克馥等演員來到了洛杉磯。他們後來想尋找一塊新的地盤，於是向北出發，來到了一個熱情的小鎮，那就是好萊塢。Biograph公司發現此地條件不錯，於是在回紐約前又陸續拍了好幾部電影。漸漸許多業內人士都知道了這塊寶地，到好萊塢的電影劇組越來越多，美國電影業移師好萊塢的大轉移開始，好萊塢向成為電影之都邁進。
1911年10月，一批從新澤西來的電影工作者在當地以為攝影師的帶領下，來到一家叫布朗杜的小客棧，他們將租到的客棧改裝成一家電影公司的樣子。這樣，他們創建了好萊塢的第一家電影製片廠——內斯特影片公司。
從那以後，許多電影公司在好萊塢落戶，著名的電影公司有：米高梅電影公司（Metro Goldwyn Mayer，簡稱MGM）、派拉蒙影業公司（Paramount Pictures, Inc.）、二十世紀福克斯公司（20th Century Fox）、華納兄弟公司（Warner Brothers）、雷電華公司（Radio Keith Orpheum，簡稱RKO）、環球公司（Universal）、聯美公司（United Artists）、哥倫比亞影業公司（Columbia Pictures）。
② 英文電影發展史
這個也太有難度了吧，非得專業人士不行啊，建議你還是直接娶你老師那邊索要得了，呵呵，大不了請吃頓飯完事！
③ 徵求一篇關於我國電影發展史的英文稿
欣逢中國電影百年華誕，是我們這代人的幸運。值此承前啟後的時光節點，我們很想做些實事，在下一個百年為拓展中國電影史研究盡綿薄之力。
目前我們能讀到的最早的中國電影史著述有兩種，
即1934年版《中國電影年鑒》刊載的谷劍塵著《中國電影發達史》和1936年版《近代中國藝術發展史》收入的鄭君里著《現代中國電影史略》。兩位著者在這一領域有篳路藍縷之功，其目力筆力所及，止於中國電影初創時期的影事軼聞。
新中國成立後，在電影史方面產生重要影響的首推程季華主編兩卷本《中國電影發展史》。該書「十年磨一劍」，於1950年開始醞釀，從全國各地搜尋有關中國電影的資料、報刊、說明書、劇照和海報，1958年正式立項投入寫作，1962年修改定稿；有關領導為慎重起見，決定以「初稿」方式出版，1963年首次開印4200冊銷售一空。三位編著者當初面對中國電影史研究這片「尚未開墾的處女地」，四處搜集積微成著，整合資源殊為可觀——正文里片名索引達1336部(次)，影人人名索引為985人（次），刊發圖片、劇照819幅；附錄里提供了1905年至1949年間出品的國產片目錄，程季華稱這部書稿為「第一次的、極為初步的關於中國電影歷史情況的一份調查報告」。盡管從今天的眼光來看，《中國電影發展史》還存在不少偏頗，但讓編著者引以為榮的是，在史料搜集這一點上贏得了海內外專業人士的認可，如1986年版《劍橋中國史·中國民國史》強調「這部兩卷著作至今仍是研究中國電影的內容包羅最廣的著作」。
On the occasion of the founding of the China Film century, our generation is lucky. On the occasion of the link between past and future nodes time, we want to do practical things in the next 100 years for China to expand study of the history of film to make modest. At present, we can read the earliest Chinese writing the history of film, there are two, that is, the 1934 edition of "China Film Year Book," published in the sword-st "the history of Chinese film developed" and the 1936 edition of "Modern Chinese History of the development of the arts," the income of Zheng Junli "Modern Chinese History of cinema."The two authors in this field have the arous work and vision of its total power as far as I can, beyond the start-up period of Chinese film about the impact of anecdotal things.
After new China was founded in film history have a major impact on most of the quarter-China editor-in-chief of the two-volume "History of the development of Chinese film." The book, "10-year Sword", began in 1950, from all over the country to search for information on China's film, newspapers, periodicals, brochures, posters and stills, officially approved in 1958 into writing, to amend the final version in 1962; about the leadership cautious for the Purposes, the decision to "first draft" of the press, opened for the first time in 1963 and India 4200 sold out.Bianzhu three who had the face of China's film study of the history of this "has not yet opened up the virgin land", to gather around the plot into a micro-book, for the integration of resources is significant - the body of the index reached title in 1336 (), film names index 985 to 000 (times), published photos, stills 819; provided in the appendix from 1905 to 1949 between the films proced catalog-quarter of China said that this manuscript as "the first time, very preliminary film on the history of China A survey report. "Although today's point of view, "the development of Chinese film history" there are still a lot of bias, but Bianzhu so proud of those who, in collecting historical data on this point at home and abroad to win professional recognition, such as the 1986 version of the "Cambridge Chinese History of Chinese history in "stress" of the two volumes of this book is still the study of Chinese film the widest coverage for the contents of the book. "
④ 幫忙找電影發展史的英語版本，萬分感謝
History of Motion Pictures
I INTRODUCTION
History of Motion Pictures, historical development of the visual medium known as motion pictures, film, cinema, or the movies. This article covers the medium』s history as a technology, as a business, as an art form, and as a means of delivering entertainment and information to audiences in theaters and at home. It discusses major filmmakers and their films, principal fiction and nonfiction genres, and film instries in the United States and throughout the world. For more information on the technical aspects involved in creating a film, see Motion Picture.
II ORIGINS
In the early 19th century scientists took note of a visual phenomenon: A sequence of indivial still pictures, when set in motion, can give the illusion of movement. These scientists attributed this experience to what they called persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. The eye』s retention of a visual image, now known as positive afterimage, has long been considered a founding principle of motion pictures, even though its relationship to the perception of motion is still not well understood.
A Early Experiments
The persistence of vision concept stimulated experimentation with motion-picture devices throughout the 19th century. Among the first such devices was a slotted disk with a sequence of drawings around its perimeter. When a person spun the disk in front of a mirror and looked through the slots, the drawings appeared to move. The zoetrope, a device developed in the 1830s, was a hollow drum with a strip of pictures around its inner surface. When spun, it proced the same effect. In the 1870s French inventor Émile Reynaud improved on this idea by placing mirrors at the center of the drum. A few years later he developed a projecting version, using a reflector and a lens to enlarge the moving images. In 1892 he began holding public screenings in Paris at his Théâtre Optique, with hundreds of drawings on a reel that he wound through his apparatus to construct moving images that continued for 15 minutes.
Inventors began to conceive of combining the principles of these moving-image devices with the photographic recording of actual movement soon after the development of still photography in the 1830s. The most famous experiment occurred in the 1870s in California, where railroad tycoon Leland Stanford hired British photographer Eadweard Muybridge to settle a bet on whether a galloping horse ever had all four feet off the ground. Muybridge set up 12 cameras along a racetrack and spread threads across the track with a contact to each camera』s shutter. Moving along the track, the horse broke the threads and caused a sequence of photographs to be taken. The photos showed the horse with all four feet off the ground, and Muybridge went on a lecture tour showing his photographs on a moving-image device he called the zoopraxiscope.
Muybridge』s endeavors stimulated French scientist Étienne-Jules Marey to devise equipment for recording and analyzing animal and human movement. He built what he called a chronophotographic camera that could take multiple images superimposed on one another. His work was aided in turn by developments in photographic materials. In 1885 American inventor George Eastman introced sensitized paper roll 「film」 in place of the indivial glass plates then in use. In 1889 Eastman replaced the paper roll with celluloid, a synthetic plastic material coated with a gelatin emulsion.
B Thomas Alva Edison and William K. L. Dickson
Legendary American inventor Thomas Alva Edison drew upon the work of Muybridge, Marey, and Eastman when he turned his attention to motion pictures in the late 1880s. In his laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey, Edison assigned to a British employee, William K. L. Dickson, the task of constructing a machine for recording actual movement on film and another machine for viewing the resulting images. By 1891 Dickson had proced a motion-picture camera, called the Kinetograph, and a viewing machine, bbed the Kinetoscope.
The Kinetograph was operated by an electric motor that moved the celluloid film roll past the camera lens. Motor-driven cameras, which were bulky and stationary, were soon replaced by movable hand-cranked cameras. Dickson』s key contribution was a sprocket mechanism linked to the camera』s shutter, which momentarily stopped the film roll for each exposure. These separate still photographic images came to be called frames. Early cameras used a number of different speeds for exposing frames, but by the advent of sound film in the late 1920s the standard had become 24 frames per second.
In early 1893 Edison constructed a motion-picture studio on his laboratory grounds, bbed the Black Maria by his staff who thought it resembled police patrol wagons known by that nickname. On May 9, 1893, he held the first public exhibition of films shot using the Kinetograph in the Black Maria. But only one person at a time could use his viewing machine, the Kinetoscope. This boxlike structure contained a motor-and-shutter mechanism similar to the camera』s. It ran a loop of positive film past an electric light source, illuminating a tiny image, which the viewer observed through a small window. Kinetoscope viewing parlors containing many machines for indivial viewing began to open in cities in 1894. Edison and Dickson apparently gave little thought to a single machine that could project moving images to a large audience, something Reynaud had achieved in his Théâtre Optique. Reynaud, however, had displayed drawings rather than images photographed by a motion-picture camera.
C The Lumière Brothers
In France, the brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière, who ran a factory in Lyons that manufactured photographic equipment, sought to improve on Edison』s accomplishment. By 1895 they developed a lightweight, hand-held camera that used a claw mechanism to advance the film roll. They named it the Cinématographe, and they soon discovered that it could also be used to show large images on a screen, when linked with projecting equipment. Throughout 1895 they shot films and projected them for select groups. Their first screening for the general public was held in Paris in December 1895.
Elsewhere other inventors were also busy. In Germany, the brothers Emil and Max Skladanowsky devised an apparatus and projected films in Berlin in November 1895. In Britain, a machine developed by Birt Acres and Robert W. Paul was used to project films in London in January 1896. In the United States, a projector called the Vitascope was constructed around the same time by Charles Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat. Armat then entered into a commercial alliance with Edison to manufacture the Vitascope, and the device exhibited projected motion pictures in New York City in April 1896.
The Lumière brothers held a unique place among all these simultaneous efforts, since they were innovative filmmakers as well as inventors and manufacturers. The many films they made ring 1895 and 1896, though very short, are considered pivotal in the history of motion pictures. Arroseur et arrosé (Waterer and Watered, 1896), a brief comedy drawn from a newspaper cartoon, shows a gardener getting drenched with a hose as the result of a boy』s prank. La sortie de l』usine Lumière à Lyon (Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory, 1895) and Arrivée d』un train en gare (Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat, 1896), which shows a train coming to a station and passengers getting off, were among the so-called actuality films—films that depicted actual events rather than a story told by actors—for which the Lumières became noted.
III ONE-REELERS
During the decade following the advent of projected motion pictures, films were shown as part of vaudeville or variety programs, at carnivals and fairgrounds, in lecture halls and churches, and graally in spaces converted for the exclusive exhibition of movies. Most films ran no longer than 10 to 12 minutes, which reflected the amount of film that could be wound on a standard reel for projection (hence the term one-reelers). Many were comedies or actualities, following the Lumière brothers』 example. Their purpose was spectacle—to show something astounding, unusual, titillating, or perhaps newsworthy. But filmmakers also struck out in new directions, especially toward fantasy and narrative.
French magician and filmmaker Georges Méliès was the outstanding creator of fantasy films in early cinema. Méliès exploited the new medium to enhance his magic acts through techniques such as stop-motion photography—interrupting the camera』s action and moving or substituting people and objects—so that, for example, a woman appeared to turn into a skeleton. He created elaborate backdrops with multiple scenes and costume changes for these so-called trick films that were widely emulated by other filmmakers. Of the hundreds of works he made between 1896 and 1912, perhaps the best-known is Le voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon, 1902), which in one scene features the animated human face of the moon being struck in the eye by a rocket.
In the United States, a former projectionist and traveling exhibitor, Edwin S. Porter, took charge of motion-picture proction at Edison』s company in 1901 and began making longer films that told a story. As with Méliès』s films, these required multiple shots that could be edited into a narrative sequence. Porter』s most notable film—and the most famous work of early cinema—was The Great Train Robbery (1903), which is credited with establishing movies as a commercial entertainment medium. With its rapid shifts of location, including action on a moving train, this film offered spectators a breadth and immediacy of vision that became hallmarks of the cinema experience.
Spurred by The Great Train Robbery and subsequent story films, film exhibition greatly expanded in the United States around 1905. One phenomenon was the proliferation of nickelodeon theaters, converted storefronts in instrial cities that charged 5 cents for admission and attracted working-class audiences. Demand from these theaters increased the volume of film proction and the profits for procers, but it also brought forth criticism from reformers concerning unsanitary or unsafe conditions in theaters and immoral subject matter in films. In 1908 Edison took the lead in establishing the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), a consortium of procers with common goals: controlling proction and distribution so as to eliminate cheap theaters, raising admission prices, cooperating with censorship bodies, and preventing film stock from getting into the hands of nonmember procers. However, the independent procers excluded from the MPPC continued to obtain materials and make the most popular films. They also led the way toward multireel, feature-length films. By 1915 the MPPC was under attack by the U.S. government as an illegal monopoly (although an ineffectual one), and the independents were combining into the companies that would dominate American filmmaking for decades to come.
IV SILENT MOVIES
With a few experimental exceptions, motion pictures from their earliest days until the late 1920s lacked synchronous sound (sound that matches the action). But silent movies were rarely silent. Early films almost always were projected with piano or organ accompaniment, and sometimes also with a narrator or live actors behind the screen. As feature-length films (four reels, with a running time of 40 to 50 minutes or more) became the norm in the 1910s, live orchestras began to play in larger theaters, frequently using music written specifically for the film.
Until World War I (1914-1918) European filmmakers dominated the world film market. France was considered the leading film-procing country, though Italy, Denmark, and other countries also played a significant role. However, the war, fought on European soil, disrupted commercial filmmaking there. With a sudden drop in European film exports, some regions, such as Latin America, experienced a brief surge in film proction. But U.S. companies soon took over markets overseas, using the same tactics of high-volume proction and lower prices that the Europeans had. By the 1920s some three-quarters of films screened around the world came from the United States.
A American Silent Movies
Even before the war, the United States had made its mark on the world filmmaking scene with epics and comedies. Moreover, U.S. moviemakers had begun to congregate in southern California in the Los Angeles suburb of Hollywood (see The Move to Hollywood, below), creating a film community apart from older urban centers of politics and the arts, and a magical new symbol for popular entertainment and glamour.
A1 D. W. Griffith
The work of D. W. Griffith exemplifies the transformation of motion pictures from the early days of one-reelers to an era of Hollywood』s worldwide dominance. Starting out as an actor in films directed by Edwin S. Porter, Griffith in 1908 became a director at the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in New York City. He was initially responsible for turning out two one-reel films a week, and between 1908 and 1913 he directed nearly 500 films. Amidst this breakneck schele, he and his co-workers developed many of the cinema』s basic storytelling conventions: moving the camera close to the action, using many separate shots, and editing the shots to cut back and forth among different actions. All these techniques served to shape a narrative, rather than present a spectacle as earlier films had tended to do. Griffith also nurtured performers such as Mary Pickford and Lillian Gish and emphasized an intimate, restrained style of acting suitable for camera close-ups.
Leaving Biograph in 1913 to make full-length features, Griffith planned a historical epic of the American Civil War (1861-1865). The Birth of a Nation (1915), three hours in length, stunned audiences with its dazzling spectacle of a still-recent event and established motion pictures as an art form for cultured spectators. Yet the film』s racist presumptions—specifically, its defense of white supremacy to protect racial purity—was controversial in its own time and remains repugnant decades later. Griffith made another epic, Intolerance (1916), which intertwined four stories about victims of prejudice, and continued to work as an independent filmmaker into the 1920s. Eventually, financial pressures forced him to become a director at a Hollywood studio, and he made his last film in 1931.
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⑤ 求關於世界電影發展史的英文presentation的ppt
勵20（財富值+經驗值） +15分鍾內
⑥ 求 英文版的世界電影簡史 快！
世界電影簡史
1895~1910
● 12月28日盧米埃在巴黎大咖啡廳放映自製的十部影片(1895)
● 第一家專映有聲電影的「留聲影院」在法國成立(1900)
● 柏格森之喜劇論文《論笑》發表(1900)
● 維他公司vitagraph成立(1900)
● 愛德溫．波特的《美國消防員生活》採用復雜的戶外拍攝鏡頭，並以溶的手法連接鏡頭，開啟之後劇情片的拍攝手法(1902)
● 四月，美國第一家長期放映電影的戲院「電化劇場」在洛杉磯開幕，由湯瑪斯．陶利創立
(1902)
● 傳記公司開始在室內攝影棚使用人工燈光(1903)
● 美國第一家「五分錢戲院」在匹茲堡設立(1905)
● 愛彌兒．考爾正試探動畫影片的可能性(1905)
● 第一部卡通影片：《做鬼臉的步驟》，由詹姆士．史都華．布萊頓製作完成(1906)
● 李狄佛斯特發明的音管，指出電子聲音擴音的可能性(1906)
● 澳洲的第一部警匪片《大盜凱利的故事》完成，長度約一小時(1906)
● 此年估計每周約有八千萬美國人光顧五分錢戲院(當時美國人口約一億人)，而全美已有五千家以上的五分錢戲院(1907)
● 葛理菲斯到傳記公司工作，因為影片生場量大，於是發展出分工模式，使得電影導演首度由不懂機器的人來擔任(1907)
● 美國「國家檢查局」成立(1907)
● 法國開始製作舞台式的藝術電影(1907)
● 愛迪生合組「電影專利公司」，授權拍攝、發行與放映電影(1908)
● 「火車大劫案」導演愛德溫．波特與愛迪生公司決裂，愛迪生公司不久後停止拍片。至此初始電影漸被劇情片取代(1909)
● 卡爾．德蘭姆利用IMP公司旗下的女演員：法倫絲．羅蘭斯的假死亡消息，造成明星風潮
(1910)
● 葛理菲斯率領公司的演員與工作人員到洛杉磯定居，許多電影公司相繼搬到加洲的好萊塢地方發展(1910)
重要作品：
《月球之旅》A Trip to the Moon
1900／梅里葉／法國／黑白
《美國消防員的生活》The Life of an American Fireman
1903／愛德溫．波特／美國／黑白
《火車大劫案》The Great Train Robbery
1903／愛德溫．波特／美國／黑白
第一部西部片的誕生。
《靈犬救主記》Rescued by Rover
1905／西希．赫普渥斯／英國／黑白
開創在屏幕上說故事的技巧，是葛里菲斯之前剪輯最巧妙的作品。
《鷹巢歷險記》The Eagle's Nest
1908／愛德溫．波特／美國／黑白
內容描述營救被老鷹捉去的嬰兒的過程，葛里菲斯演出並在此片中學習到導演的技巧。
1911~1920
● 華納兄弟開始製作電影(1912)
● 第一本電影雜志《影劇》在美國問世(1912)
● 賽納特的基斯東公司成立(1912)
● 阿道夫．索克成立「名人公司」(1912)
● 威廉．福斯成立「票房誘力公司」(1912)
● 賽納特製作第一部美國喜劇長片《泰莉的傷心羅曼史》，使卓別林踏上明星之路(1912)
● 美國「環球公司」成立(1912)
● 葛理菲斯成立自己的電影公司(1913)
● 西席．地米爾為了拍攝《番妻記》至加州，以每月七十五元租下好萊塢谷場(1913)
● 達達沙赫．法蘭克完成第一部印度電影，器材則全部由英國進口(1913)
● 第一家重要的新型豪華戲院「河濱戲院」建於百老匯(1914)
● 霍金遜成立派拉蒙公司(1914)
● ●貝拉斯哥的燈光技術師布克蘭至好萊塢(1914)
● 梅里葉拍完他的最後一部電影(1914)
● 第一次世界大戰讓許多國家管制敵國電影進口，間接為本國電影保留了發展空間(1914)
● 卡爾．蘭姆建立宏大的環球攝影城(1915)
● 「電影專利公司」被法院宣判違反托拉斯法，宣布倒閉(1915)
● 葛理菲斯，英斯與賽納特成立鐵三角影業公司(1915)
● 「票房誘力公司」改名為「福斯公司」(1915)
● 1915~1917之間確立了好萊塢的經濟模式(1915)
● 哈佛大學心理學家雨果．孟斯特堡寫下《電影劇-心理的研究》(1916)
● 艾倫．瑞在《萬神殿》中改良貝拉斯哥式布景(1916)
● 卓別林至轉至「互助公司」發展(1916)
● 德國政府成立「烏發製片公司」，開始拍攝戰爭宣傳影片，以壓制國內的反戰聲浪
(1918)
還有很多，具體見：參考資料
⑦ 誰有中國電影發展史的英文介紹，簡單的幾百接近一千字
誰有中國電影發展史的英文介紹
Who has a history of the development of Chinese film
⑧ 高分跪求美國科幻電影發展史英文介紹！急！急！只要回答出來懸賞好說！！
As one can conclude from the term science-fiction movie, these films have a background of an advanced, fictional technology that is normally set in the future. Most of these movies have in common that they expose their own vision of the future, with new technologies commonly being the most noticeable change in these hypothetical worlds. Besides visions about all kinds of scientific areas, the given context of this work concentrates particularly on computer interfaces.
As a part of the seminar "Intelligent Spaces" approaches of mainstream science fiction motion pictures are extracted and analysed regarding their references in real-life human computer interaction (HCI) designs. Similarities to ongoing researches will be outlined - especially to those, which are presented by other talks of this seminar that have already taken place. To be able to draw comparisons to reality it is often necessary to view the ideas and visions of a movie on a relatively abstract level.
At first some key factors that determine or influence the design of HCI in movies will be discussed. Starting from this viewpoint numerous examples from selected movies will be observed. Due to the limitation of the material that was at hand, we cannot claim to provide a complete overview of all movies, but the available selection should suffice and allow a representative inspection of the movie scene.
We will start with a review of movies that do not show any concepts at all or merely adapt common everyday techniques of that time. The second and main part introces visionary interaction design, divided into different areas of interaction technologies, followed by a brief view at a couple of satiric movie scenes and the conclusions of this work in the end.
⑨ 求電影發展歷史的資料，一定要英文的啊
樣才能學好數學呢？現介紹幾種方法以供參考：
一、課內重視聽講，課後及時復習。
新知識的接受，數學能力的培養主要在課堂上進行，所以要特點重視課內的學習效率，尋求正確的學習方法。上課時要緊跟老師的思路，積極展開思維預測下面的步驟，比較自己的解題思路與教師所講有哪些不同。特別要抓住基礎知識和基本技能的學習，課後要及時復習不留疑點。首先要在做各種習題之前將老師所講的知識點回憶一遍，正確掌握各類公式的推理過程，慶盡量回憶而不採用不清楚立即翻書之舉。認真獨立完成作業，勤於思考，從某種意義上講，應不造成不懂即問的學習作風，對於有些題目由於自己的思路不清，一時難以解出，應讓自己冷靜下來認真分析題目，盡量自己解決。在每個階段的學習中要進行整理和歸納總結，把知識的點、線、面結合起來交織成知識網路，納入自己的知識體系。
二、適當多做題，養成良好的解題習慣。
要想學好數學，多做題目是難免的，熟悉掌握各種題型的解題思路。剛開始要從基礎題入手，以課本上的習題為准，反復練習打好基礎，再找一些課外的習題，以幫助開拓思路，提高自己的分析、解決能力，掌握一般的解題規律。對於一些易錯題，可備有錯題集，寫出自己的解題思路和正確的解題過程兩者一起比較找出自己的錯誤所在，以便及時更正。在平時要養成良好的解題習慣。讓自己的精力高度集中，使大腦興奮，思維敏捷，能夠進入最佳狀態，在考試中能運用自如。實踐證明：越到關鍵時候，你所表現的解題習慣與平時練習無異。如果平時解題時隨便、粗心、大意等，往往在大考中充分暴露，故在平時養成良好的解題習慣是非常重要的。
三、調整心態，正確對待考試。
首先，應把主要精力放在基礎知識、基本技能、基本方法這三個方面上，因為每次考試占絕大部分的也是基礎性的題目，而對於那些難題及綜合性較強的題目作為調劑，認真思考，盡量讓自己理出頭緒，做完題後要總結歸納。調整好自己的心態，使自己在任何時候鎮靜，思路有條不紊，克服浮躁的情緒。特別是對自己要有信心，永遠鼓勵自己，除了自己，誰也不能把我打倒，要有自己不垮，誰也不能打垮我的自豪感。
在考試前要做好准備，練練常規題，把自己的思路展開，切忌考前去在保證正確率的前提下提高解題速度。對於一些容易的基礎題要有十二分把握拿全分；對於一些難題，也要盡量拿分，考試中要學會嘗試得分，使自己的水平正常甚至超常發揮。
由此可見，要把數學學好就得找到適合自己的學習方法，了解數學學科的特點，使自己進入數學的廣闊天地中去。
如何學好數學2
高中生要學好數學，須解決好兩個問題：第一是認識問題；第二是方法問題。
有的同學覺得學好教學是為了應付升學考試，因為數學分所佔比重大；有的同學覺得學好數學是為將來進一步學習相關專業打好基礎，這些認識都有道理，但不夠全面。實際上學習教學更重要的目的是接受數學思想、數學精神的熏陶，提高自身的思維品質和科學素養，果能如此，將終生受益。曾有一位領導告訴我，他的文科專業出身的秘書為他草擬的工作報告，因為華而不實又缺乏邏輯性，不能令他滿意，因此只得自己執筆起草。可見，即使將來從事文秘工作，也得要有較強的科學思維能力，而學習數學就是最好的思維體操。有些高一的同學覺得自己剛剛初中畢業，離下次畢業還有3年，可以先松一口氣，待到高二、高三時再努力也不遲，甚至還以小學、初中就是這樣「先松後緊」地混過來作為「成功」的經驗。殊不知，第一，現在高中數學的教學安排是用兩年的時間學完三年的課程，高三全年搞總復習，教學進度排得很緊；第二，高中數學最重要、也是最難的內容（如函數、立幾）放在高一年級學，這些內容一旦沒學好，整個高中數學就很難再學好，因此一開始就得抓緊，那怕在潛意識里稍有鬆懈的念頭，都會削弱學習的毅力，影響學習效果。
至於學習方法的講究，每位同學可根據自己的基礎、學習習慣、智力特點選擇適合自己的學習方法，我這里主要根據教材的特點提出幾點供大家學習時參考。
l、要重視數學概念的理解。高一數學與初中數學最大的區別是概念多並且較抽象，學起來「味道」同以往很不一樣，解題方法通常就來自概念本身。學習概念時，僅僅知道概念在字面上的含義是不夠的，還須理解其隱含著的深層次的含義並掌握各種等價的表達方式。例如，為什麼函數y=f(x)與y=f-1(x)的圖象關於直線y＝x對稱，而y=f(x）與x=f-1(y)卻有相同的圖象；又如，為什麼當f（x－l）＝f（1-x)時，函數y=f(x)的圖象關於y軸對稱，而 y＝f（x－l）與 y＝f（1-x)的圖象卻關於直線 x＝1對稱，不透徹理解一個圖象的對稱性與兩個圖象的對稱關系的區別，兩者很容易混淆。
2『學習立體幾何要有較好的空間想像能力，而培養空間想像能力的辦法有二：一是勤畫圖；二是自製模型協助想像，如利用四直角三棱錐的模型對照習題多看，多想。但最終要達到不依賴模型也能想像的境界。
3、學習解析幾何切忌把它學成代數、只計算不畫圖，正確的辦法是邊畫圖邊計算，要能在畫圖中尋求計算途徑。
4、在個人鑽研的基礎上，邀幾個程度相當的同學一起討論，這也是一種好的學習方法，這樣做常可以把問題解決得更加透徹，對大家都有益。
⑩ 中國電影發展史的英文介紹
An introction of the history of Chinese films in English.
中國電影發展史的英文介紹